Thus australias national system is compatible with the jorc code and remains comparable to the usgs system as published in the annual usgs mineral commodity summaries. Industrial applications and economic dependency of europe. Mine planning and equipment selection supply chain of rare. Book printed material the new york mining directory. Mineral commodity summaries 2012 minerals make life. At the final conference of the european rare earths competency network, kingsnorth stated that china admitted a 40% share of illegal magnetic re supply moores, 2014. Mineral commodity summaries 1 book annually january. Minerals free fulltext sustainability of rare earths. Geological survey minerals information introduction. Soil commonly contains an average of around 6 parts per million ppm of thorium. Data sheets with information on the domestic industry structure, government programs, tariffs, and 5year salient statistics for more than 90 nonfuel mineral commodities. Export restrictions on critical minerals and metals by. Geological survey usgs mineral commodity summaries mcs includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure, government programs, tariffs, 5year salient statistics, and world.
This paper provides a brief overview of rareearth elements, their uses, and current worldwide sources of their. Background, oversight issues, and options for congress congressional research service, march 31, 2011. Scandium is a chemical element with the symbol sc and atomic number 21. Other deposits include hematitebreccia complex deposits, magmatichydrothermal uranium in ironoxide cuau deposits and quartzpebble conglomerate deposits world nuclear, 2010. The usgs mineral resources program has investigated domestic and selected foreign ree resources for many decades, and this report summarizes what has been learned from this research. Periodical mineral commodity summaries online usgs minerals information. Listed below are links to chapters from the minerals yearbook volume i. Rare rareearth industry overview and defense applications by james b. Subscribers to this list will receive an email notification when a new publication is posted to the usgs national minerals information center nmic rare earths statistics and information web page. Chinas total rare earths exports declined by 77% in 2010, according to chinese industry magazine jiancai fazhan daoxiang building materials development guide, and global prices quadrupled. The rare earth elements ree are fifteen elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium lanthanides, plus yttrium 39, which is chemically similar to the lanthanide elements and thus typically included with the rare earth elements. European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials.
Commodities at a glance special issue on rare earths. The principal economic sources of rare earths are the minerals bastnasite, monazite, and loparite and the lateritic ionadsorption clays. Nmic commodityspecific publications consist of minerals yearbooks and mineral commodity summaries on an annual basis, monthly or quarterly mineral industry surveys for certain mineral commodities. Geological surveys mineral resources external research program funded several initiatives related to rare earths. The principal rare earth elements deposits of the united statesa summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective. The elements range in crustal abundance from cerium, the 25th most abundant element of the 78 common elements in the earths. Despite this focus, re supply chain sustainability has not been.
Rare earths us geological survey, mineral commodity summaries 2018. The rare earths are a relatively abundant group of 17 elements composed of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. Jan 10, 2011 the rare earth elements ree are fifteen elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum to lutetium lanthanides, plus yttrium 39, which is chemically similar to the lanthanide elements and thus typically included with the rare earth elements. A large amount of uranium is in rare earths deposits, and may be extracted as a byproduct. Mine planning and equipment selection supply chain of rare earth elements rees authors. This communication addresses supply and substitution options for selected critical raw materials. Geological survey usgs mineral commodity summaries mcs includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure, government programs, tariffs, 5year salient statistics, and world production and.
Ongoing international scientific activities at the usgs. Rare earths re are critical minerals that are used for economic development. This publication is available only as a pdf document. Rare earths re have been the focus of much attention in recent years as a consequence of a number of converging factors, prominent among which are. Rare earth elements in north dakota lignite coal and. Usgs united states geological survey row rest of the world reo rare earth oxides brics brazil, russian federation, india, china, south africa.
Mine planning and equipment selection supply chain of rare earth elements rees. Group 3 is a group of elements in the periodic table. Geological survey usgs is charged by the department of the interior doi to respond to evolving national priorities with sound, unbiased scientific advice doi, 2011. The first six chapters are devoted to rare earth elements rees because of the unprecedented interest in these elements during the past several years. Present knowledge of the distribution of thorium resources is poor because of the relatively lowkey exploration efforts arising out of insignificant demand. This book is a guide to the primary commodity universe, an increasingly crucial part of the world economy. Ruth 1998 indicators of dematerialization and the materials intensity of use. Joseph gambogi, united states geological survey, mineral commodity summaries, 2017. The principal rare earth elements deposits of the united states. It can easily be used as a fuel to cut down on the import of uranium from different countries. Chinas dominant position as the producer of over 95 percent of the world output of rareearth minerals and rapid increases in the consumption of rare earths owing to the emergence of new cleanenergy and defenserelated technologies, combined with chinas decisions to restrict exports of rare earths, have resulted in heightened concerns about. Thorium is found in small amounts in most rocks and soils.
Special issue on rare earths united nations conference. Rareearth elements usgs publications repository usgs. I, metals and minerals sotoviruet, yadira, and others, 20, an exploration in mineral supply chain mapping using tantalum as an example usgs openfile report 201239. Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences usgs. Because it has become increasingly important and widely used, the resource tax has been implemented to solve the negative externality of re exploitation in china.
Material use factsheet center for sustainable systems. Annual illegal production is estimated to be 40,000 t xinhua, 2014. Published annually, this government report contains estimates covering nonfuel mineral industry structure, government programs, tariffs, and 5year salient statistics for about 90 individual mineral commodities. The name originated from their discovery in the 18th century, where at the time they were discovered with a class of oxides called earths and the. Unctad secretariat from mineral commodity summaries. All current and many past publications are available in pdf format and some are. Mineral commodity summaries online other title usgs minerals information. Mineral commodity summaries online library of congress. Sphalerite, zinc sulfide, is and has been the principal ore mineral in the world. Zinc is the 23 rd most abundant element in the earths crust. This group, like other dblock groups, should contain four elements, but it is not agreed what elements belong in the group.
A handbook of primary commodities in the global economy by. A silverywhite metallic dblock element, it has historically been classified as a rareearth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. China not only is the largest consumer of the rare earth elements but it holds more reserves than the other countries. Thorium is mined in conjunction with uranium, so much that estimates of reserves for these elements are made based off of uranium content. The term rare earth elements is actually a misnomer. Rare earths re are important mineral resources for economic growth, clean energy development and national defense due to their specific chemical and physical properties mclellan et al. Geological survey, 2010, mineral commodity summaries. Ree are quite abundant within the earths crust, falling in approximately the 50th percentile of elemental abundances, and in fact are about 200 times more abundant than gold. Rareearthelementmineral formation in parental magma sources.
Geographic coordinates are provided for 577 of the 799 deposits described here. Recent international media attention to the very rapid rates of economic and industrial growth particularly in china and india, relative to europe, north america, and japan, indicates that the emerging economies and their global influence are also gaining. China cut back exports of all ree from the 35,000 t level in 2010, and banned exports of terbium and dysprosium. However, the distribution of re in the world is uneven. The elemental forms of rare earths are iron gray to silvery lustrous metals that are typically soft, malleable, and ductile and usually reactive, especially at elevated temperatures or when finely divided. Geological survey minerals information introduction and background overview for the useu workshop on. An overview of the usefulness and strategic value of rare. A directory to all the mining corporations represented in new york.
Geological survey usgs mineral commodity summaries mcs includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure, government programs, tariffs, 5year salient statistics, and world production and resources. You will be sent email requesting confirmation, to prevent others from gratuitously subscribing you. Location, geologic and mineral economic data for world rare earth mines, deposits, and occurrences compiled from published and nonpublished sources. The emergence and growth of several foreign economies have been of interest to u. Minerals free fulltext sustainability of rare earthsan. Ree rare earth elements metals, minerals, mining, uses. Prepared as a cooperative effort among earthscience and mineralresource agencies of australia, canada, the federal republic of germany, the republic of south africa, the united kingdom, and the united states of america. The european commission has recognized that some raw materials are crucial for the function of the european economy and show a high risk of supply shortage. Geological survey, min eral commodity summaries, rare earths. Usgs minerals information history and future directions.
Zinc statistics and information usgs mineral resources. Higher uranium prices and geopolitical developments have enhanced the economic potential for recovering these. In conclusion, academics, students, and practitioners should consider this contribution as an excellent overview of the topic of export restrictions that is not limited to a presentation of the current disciplines, but that also offers an insight into the future by explaining how these disciplines might develop. Mineral commodity summaries 2017 minerals make life. Us geological survey usgs publishes a mineral commodity summaries annually. Table 1 provides the usgss estimates of production rate and reserves of several countries. Jackson wd, christiansen g 1993 international strategic minerals inventory summary reportrareearth oxides. Apr 09, 2018 according to the usgs 2017 mineral commodity summary report, china accounted for about 83% of the total global ree supply in 2016, down from about 95% prior to 2010.
There are two sets of estimates that define world thorium reserves, one set by the united states geological survey usgs and the other supported by reports from the oecd and the international atomic energy agency the iaea. Rare earths have a unique place among mineral resources. Personal technology demand outlook, 20102015 million units. Uranium from rare earths deposits world nuclear association. Jan 25, 2018 european industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The mineral commodity summaries publication is part of the core function of the minerals information activities transferred from the u. Chinas rare earth deposits account for 80 percent of identified global reserves, you can compare the status of these reserves to that of oil. They have special chemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties and are, therefore, widely used in traditional sectors, including agriculture, petrochemicals, metallurgy, and textiles, as well as in strategic emerging industries such as hybrid cars and wind turbines 1,2,3. An analysis of iron ore prices during the latest commodity boom. This is a hidden list, which means that the list of members is available only to the list administrator. Rare earth elements in north dakota lignite coal and lignite.
Geological survey usgs mineral commodity summaries mcs includes information on events. Rare earth elements mineralprocessing flow sheet for the mountain pass mine, california 8 current sources and domestic reserves 3. Mineral commodity summaries published on an annual basis, this report is the earliest government publication to furnish estimates covering nonfuel mineral industry data. Data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure, government programs, tariffs, and 5year salient statistics for over 90 individual minerals and materials. The countrys thorium reserves make up 25 per cent of the global reserves. Chinas 21st century gold rush, bbc news june 2010 infographic examining chinas role in the rare earths market. United nations conference on trade and development n special issue on rare earths commodities at a glance printed at united nations, geneva ge.
These publications cover mineral commodities and are published annually. Geological survey mineral commodity summaries 2016. Rare earth element mines, deposits, and occurrences. These publications are now the responsibility of the minerals information team mit.
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